Tyche

Nella mitologia greca, Tiche (o Tyche, dal greco Τύχη) è la personificazione della fortuna.
Tiche era la divinità tutelare che presiedeva la prosperità delle città e degli stati.
La sua importanza crebbe in età ellenistica, tanto che le città avevano la loro specifica versione iconica della dea, che indossava una corona raffigurante le mura della città.
Nell’omerico “Inno a Demetra” Tyche era considerata una delle Oceanine, figlie del titano Oceano e della nereide Teti.
In altre versioni è la figlia di Ermes ed Afrodite.
Nell’arte medievale la dea è raffigurata con una cornucopia e la ruota della fortuna.
Il suo corrispettivo nella mitologia romana è la dea Fortuna.

La dea Tyche con in braccio il dio Pluto bambino (dettaglio).
Istanbul, Museo archeologico nazionale.

Tyche (English /ˈtaɪki/; from Greek: Τύχη,[1][2] meaning “luck”; Roman equivalent: Fortuna) was the presiding tutelary deity that governed the fortune and prosperity of a city, its destiny. She is the daughter of Aphrodite and Zeus or Hermes.
Increasingly during the Hellenistic period, cities venerated their own specific iconic version of Tyche, wearing a mural crown (a crown like the walls of the city).
The Greek historian Polybius believed that when no cause can be discovered to events such as floods, droughts, frosts or even in politics, then the cause of these events may be fairly attributed to Tyche.[3]
Stylianos Spyridakis [4] concisely expressed Tyche’s appeal in a Hellenistic world of arbitrary violence and unmeaning reverses: “In the turbulent years of the Epigoni of Alexander, an awareness of the instability of human affairs led people to believe that Tyche, the blind mistress of Fortune, governed mankind with an inconstancy which explained the vicissitudes of the time.”[5]
In literature, she might be given various genealogies, as a daughter of Hermes and Aphrodite, or considered as one of the Oceanids, daughters of Oceanus and Tethys, or of Zeus.[6] She was connected with Nemesis[7] and Agathos Daimon (“good spirit”).
She was uniquely venerated at Itanos in Crete, as Tyche Protogeneia, linked with the Athenian Protogeneia (“firstborn”), daughter of Erechtheus, whose self-sacrifice saved the city.[8]
She had temples at Caesarea Maritima, Antioch, Alexandria and Constantinople. In Alexandria the Tychaeon, the temple of Tyche, was described by Libanius as one of the most magnificent of the entire Hellenistic world.[9]
Tyche appears on many coins of the Hellenistic period in the three centuries before the Christian era, especially from cities in the Aegean. Unpredictable turns of fortune drive the complicated plotlines of Hellenistic romances, such as Leucippe and Clitophon or Daphnis and Chloe. She experienced a resurgence in another era of uneasy change, the final days of publicly sanctioned Paganism, between the late-fourth-century emperors Julian and Theodosius I who definitively closed the temples. The effectiveness of her capricious power even achieved respectability in philosophical circles during that generation, though among poets it was a commonplace to revile her for a fickle harlot.[10]
In medieval art, she was depicted as carrying a cornucopia, an emblematic ship’s rudder, and the wheel of fortune, or she may stand on the wheel, presiding over the entire circle of fate.
The constellation of Virgo is sometimes identified as the heavenly figure of Tyche,[11] as well as other goddesses such as Demeter and Astraea.

References
1^ Greek pronunciation
2^ Modern pronunciation
3^ Polybius. The Rise Of The Roman Empire, Page 29, Penguin, 1979.
4^ University of California Davis faculty: Stylianos Spyridakis
5^ Spyridakis, Stylianos. “The Itanian cult of Tyche Protogeneia”, Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 18.1 (January 1969:42-48) p. 42.
6^ Pindar, Twelfth Olympian Ode.
7^ As on an Attic amphora, 5th century BCE, Antikensammlung Berlin, illustrated at Theoi.com.
8^ Noted by Spyridakis, who demonstrated that earlier suggestions of a source in Fortuna Primigenia of Praeneste was anachronistic.
9^ Libanius, in Progymnasmata 1114R, noted by Spyridakis 1969:45.
10^ C. M. Bowra, “Palladas on Tyche” The Classical Quarterly New Series, 10.1 (May 1960:118-128).
11^ DK Multimedia: Eyewitness Encyclopedia, Stardome, Virgo: miscellaneous section.